what is operating system in English type of operating system

 Operating system

                  An Operating System (OS) Is A Program Which Acts As An Interface Between The User And The Computer hardware. The Interface Enables A User To Utilize Hardware Resources Very Efficiently. Operating System Is An Organized Collection Or Integrated Set Of Specialized Programs That Control The Overall Operations Of A Computer. It Is A Program That Must Be On Any Computer For Proper Booting.

Functions of operating system

                     Following functions are provided by an operating system to the convenience of users

Process management

                      It is a process by which operating system can control the planning, it monitoring and performance of  a CPU. A  process is the basic unit of execution in the operating system.

Memory management

                        It is a process of controlling and coordinating computer memory.It ensures that all processes are able to access their memory or not.

File management 

               It is the main function of operating system . It manages all data files in a computer system.

Devise management

                            It is a process of managing the operation and maintenance of input/output devices. It also facilitates the interface between all the connected device.

Types of operating system

Types of an operating systems are as follows

11. Batch processing operating system

                     In this operating system, a number of jobs are put together and executed as a group. This operating system is a responsible for scheduling the jobs according to priority and the resource required. E.g. Unix.

22. Single user operating system

                It is a type of operating system which allows only one user at a time. Operating system for personal computer (pc) is a single user OS. They are Designed to manage one task at a time .

e.g. MS-DOS, windows 9X.

 

33.  multi user operating system

                This os allows multiple user to access a computer system concurrently. It is used in computer network that allows same data and application to be accessed by multiple user at the same time. e.g.  vms.

44. Multi-taking operating system

                        In this operating system . more then one processes  can be excuted concurrently. It also allows the user to swich between the running applications. e. g.linux, unix, windows 95

Malti-tasking os further classified into two types

                                            I.   Preemptive multitasking OS

            It is a type of multitasking that allows computer programs to share operating system and underlying hardware resources.

                                     II.  Cooperative multitasking OS

                  IT is the simplest form of multitasking. In it, each program can Control the CUP for as long as it need it.

55. Time sharing operating system

                       These operating system  allows multiple programs to simultaneously share  the computer resource. It provides to each process to be run on. E.g. mac OS.

66. Real time operating system(RTOS)

                              These operating system are designed to respond to an event within a predetermined time. They are often used in application such as flight reservation system, military application, etc. is types of operating system increase the availability and reliability of the system.

e. g. linux etc.

 

There are two types of real time operating system

         (i)         Hard real time 

                              In this RTOS, all the tasks are required to be completed within the specified time limits.

               (ii)         Soft real time os

                               In this RTOS, all the tasks are not requied to be completed within thes specified time limits.          

User interface  

           The user interface is one of the most important part of any operating system. It allows user to easily access and communicate with the applications and the hardware. The user can interact with the computer by using mainly two kinds of interface

1     1.  Graphical user interface (GUI)

                  It  is a computer program that enables a person to communicate with a computer through the use of symbols, visual megaphone and pointing devices. It is best known for its implementations is Apple products.

                         The first graphical user interface was designed by Xerox corporation in 1970s. GUIs can be found in handheld devises such as MP3 players, portable media players, gaming devices, etc.

2. character user interface (CUI)

              It is also known as command line interface (CLI). CUI is a mechanism of interacting with a computer system or software by typing, commands to perform specific tasks. CUI only uses text types one after another just as commands used in MS-DOS

Some Important operating systems

             some popular operating systems are as follows

1.  UNIX

             the first version of Unix was developed in 1969 by ken Thompson and dennis Ritchie. It is primarily used to a server rather than a workstation and should not be used by anyone who does note understand the system.

2.  Apple Macintosh (Mac OS)

      It was introduced in January,1984 by Steve jobs and was initially named as system software, which was later renamed as mac OS

3 LINUX

 the firs Linux kernel was released in September, 1991 by Linux Torvalds. It is an open source software. Linux is similar to Unix in operations. It is difficult to understand by anyone.

4. Microsoft windows

          It is an operating system, based on GUI, developed by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named windows in November 1985 in response to the growing interest in GUIs.

5.Mobile operating system

               This OS operates on smartphones, tablets and digital mobile devices. It controls mobile devices and design supports wireless communication and different types of mobile application. It has built-in supports for mobile multimedia formats.

               Some popular mobile operating system are as follows

1. Android

        It is a mobile OS developed by Google, which is based on Linux (main part of operating system). It is basically designed for touch screen mobile device like tablets, smartphones etc. now-a-days, it is most common used in mobile phones. The latest version of Android is pie which was released on 6^th august, 2018.

2.  Symbian

         It is the OS developed and sold by Symbian Ltd. It is an open source mobile os designed for  smartphone.it has been used by many major handset manufacturers including Motorola, Nokia, Samsung, Sony etc. the latest version of Symbian is Nokia belle which was released in October 2012.

 

3. iOS

      It is the popular mobile operating system developer by apple Incorporation. This operating system is commonly used in Apple iPhone, iPod touch, iPod etc. the latest version of iOS is iOS 11.4.1 which was released on 9^th July, 2018.

Configuration of DOS

   Config, sys, Autoexec. Bat  and files provide the environment to computer to set commands.

(1)        Config. Sys    It adjusts the system according to commands.

(2)        Autoexec. Bat when the system is powered on, this file executes in automatically command line.

      

Important extensions and their meaning

      .exe       executable files

       .com     command files

       .bat       batch files

       .dos       document files

       .txt         text files

       .prg       program files

       .ovr       over lays

Types of MS-DOS command

  There are tow kinds of ms-dos command, Internal and external.

    1. internal command  these commands are automatically loaded into main memory when the booting process gets completed.

                               e.g. DATE, TIME, VER, VOL, DIR, COPY, CLS, etc.

     2. External commands

                   These commands require external files to be loaded in the computer to run. E.g. checking disk, comparing disk, formatting, etc.

 

              Important commands and their Uses

           Command description

Call        call one batch program from another

Cd          change directory-move to a specific folder

Cls          clear the screen

Copy       copy one or more file to another location

Date        display or set the date

Del           delete one or more files

Dir            display a list of files and folders

Erase        delete one or more files

Edit           view and edit files

Exit           quit the current script/routing and set an                                          error level

Format    to erase and prepare the disk drive

If                 conditionally perform a command

Md             create new folders

Move         move files from one folder to another

Path           display or set a search path for executable files

Print            prints date to a printer post

Ren              rename a file or directory

Rd                remove an empty directory

Sort             sort input and display the output to the screen

Start            start a program, command or batch file

Time            display the system time

Type             display the contents of a file

Ver                display version information

X copy           copy multiple files, directories, or drives from one location to another